1793-4: Elizabeth Farm  

See typical settlers cottage  

Weatherboards made from she oak 
Wattle and daub - mud walls and thatched roofs 

Wattle and daub

Plenty of good quality timber
Use of woodworking tools such as adzing and pit sawing 

See tools and methods

First bricks made in l788 were of poor quality- Lack of lime
1803: First private house built with stone  
Near end of period fully glazed houses with shingles. 

Early cottage - bark roof



 





First cafe



Favoured those with knowledge of town planning and architecture 
Required houses with brick chimneys, shingle roofs- 2.75m ceiling height 
Georgian style: symmetrical and simple 

See Elizabeth Farm

Macquarie Town – Windsor

Cobham hall – Wiseman’s Ferry

Macquarie Arms Hotel - Windsor

Windsor Courthouse

Greenway cleaned up the building industry 
Rouse Hill Windsor 1818-22 


Lime supply improved – from Tasmania and seashells
Lime used to outline arches 
Standard street width set at 30.5m 
Settlers found it harder in the country because of more extreme temperatures. 
Verandahs came from India via Devon and Cornwell and used as means of access – not shade. 
Elizabeth Farm 1793. Quality of morter still a problcm.

(Regency period Prince of Wales 1795-1830 )


1825-27 years of drought
After 1840 the gable became the standard roof 
1829 Darling's regulations. Towns to have 20.1m x l00.5m blocks 
Drains to public sewers 
Setbacks of 4.27m from footpath 
Door threshold of least .305m above crown of road 

See colonial architecture

Colonial slab house

Coloniaial house styles

Colonial farmhouses


Crown tenures were changed from 75 years to perpetuity 
From 1830 a rich time in colonial achitecture including private buildings 
First building regulations in 1833. Concerned with safety (no pigs) and the necessity of gutters.

Georgian style - simple but elegant. Workmanship was good 
Verandahs vernaculer - ceiled and flagged 
Shuttered windows on lower floor for security 
Front doors were heavy, solid with 6 panels and skylights 

The best period of architecture in NSW? 
Wcs arrived in 1830. 


LATE COLONIAL 1838-1850 

1838 comprehensive set of building regs with 6 ratablc chlasses and aimed at fire control. 
The external and party walls werc to extend 0.46m above roof line. 
Roofs to be glass, copper, lead, tin zinc, slab or tile. 
All timber to be more than l0.2cm from face of building
No bow windows past street line
Banned most projections 

Dampness in walls a continual problem with the poor quality wood fired bricks (sandstocks). 
Best dampcourses were lead 


Colonial police station

Colonial rural homesteads

Colonial rural tavern

1850: first brick veneer at Swan Hill by Californian miners. 
Gothic became popular in domestic buildings eg Richmond Villa 
Kitchen came into the main part of the house with the reduction of fire risk.
However out of sight at the rear with the servants 

Regulations amended in October 1850: Verandahs and balconies of hardwood allowed but  >= 0.61m from corner of building. 


22.9cm party walls. 
Parapets required for appearance 
1832: cleanup of titles lead to a titling issue blockage until 1837 
Regulations and high land cost encouragd terraces. 
An efficient use of land typically a verandah at street frontage only.
 
Kitchen/washroom attached as a wing at the rear with outside access only 
1840s: Rows of 2 storey terraces were finally recognised as good housing
Facade architecture good at front but poor at sides and rear
Dressed stone veneer at front 

Larger plates of glass became available 
Transportation ceased in the 1840s so cheap labour no longer available
Terraces constructed with speed not quality 

Cast iron: Came from England in the l840s but locally made in 1845 at Mittagong Initially followed the delicate English models of classical design 

Corrugated iron imported in the 1840s but did nor replace shingles. 

Colonial revival






EARLY VICTORIAN I851 - 1860 

Gold officially discovered May/August 1851 at Bendigo 
Building stopped and population trebled to 1.2m
New burgeoisie class became wealthy and demanded houses suitable to their new wealth.  

Prefabricated timber houses from Singapore and USA
“Iron pots" from England 
“Iron House Mob”: the most infamous push in the Loo

Victorian architecture

Victoria Inn – Wisemans Ferry

Victorian house styles   

Corio Villa 1856 

Prefabrication Corio Villa

Prefabrication 1853 small iron house

The standard house became timber framed with gi roof 
The balloon frame idea came from the US and developed in Australia into brick veneer. 

One reason for tbe popularity of timber was the easily worked softwoods from the USA and the invention of mahine produced nails. 

These changes did not require the same carpentary skills as before 
Steam powered saw mills. Wood and nails were cheap 
Rot resisting hardwoods for house stumps such as red gum painted with creosote 

1837: Galvanizing of corrugated iron (steel)

Iron sheeting became popular as a roof covering but often over 
shingles or straw trying to reduce the heat. 

Queenslanders in the 1950s. Designed to overcome white ant problems but ant capping elsewhere. 

Steep roofs with a ventilator was common method to reduce heat but the main problem was lack of radiation from the roof surface.

Weatherboards became the standard wall covering as machine moulding was very accurate creating a tight fit. 
Two hard working men could build a house within a week.

1860: kitchen attached to the house at rear - often a skillion. 
Domestics started to live in their own homes. 

Victorian terraces 


MID VICTORIAN 1861 - 1878 

Bricks:

179o: soft bricks were 23.5x10.8x7cm 
1800: bricks were 22.4x10.2x6cm 
1815: English brick same as in 1790 
l820s: Greenway used bricks 22.1xl0.8x6.2cm 

Victorian: 23.5x10.5x6.8cm
Until the 1900s depending on the brick making equipment all sizes were possible. 
From 1900 adoption of the German Hoffman procesc with bricks of 22.8x11.4x7.6cm. 

186Os: Italian influence and the use of elaborate plasterwork 
Italianate style: square blocklike style - good use of bricks as they became cheaper.

Italianate

italianate example

italianate grande


Plaster of paris imported from the US allowed wet plasterirg (plaster and lathe) and plaster mouldings. 

Pastel colours replace white and cream – colour became more important because of gas lighting. 

1870s:The use of cast iron increased but protected by copyright 
Verandats covered with iron lace. Bullnose (bell cast) shapes were popular. 

From 1860s suburbs with good communications (railways, ferries and buses) rapidly expanded. Subdivisions were still the mindless rectangular pattern with no parkland and open space. 

Typical 4 bedroom wb/gi house cost $250
Detached houses with 2m clearance covered with cast iron and trinkets.

Victorian interior

Victorian furniture


HIGH VICTORIAN OR BOOM TIME 1879-1892 

1870 More native born than immigrants and by 1880 2/3 of the poulation were Australiar born.

1880: first passenger lift at Tooheys and in 1881 first Otis lift 

1885: Prells Building, Queen st Melbourne was 10 storeys but by 1892 10/12 storeys were common.

Problem with fire so height restriction on commercial buildings 
Plague strikes Rock area of Sydney

The rocks

1888: Artificial land boom with railways, ferries and cable cars 
Meanwhile in the country lack of materials and skills restricted extravagence eg simpler plasterwork. 

Always the verandah and commonly hoods over windows to keep the heat out 

Stamped metalwork: In 1885 Wunderlich imported stamped ornaments and features and in 1888 imported from England sheets for the Town Hall ceiling. 

Pressed metal   


1890: Wunderlich pressed their own sheets using mild steel instead of zinc. 
Age of mass production
Joinery items sucb as balustrades 
Semi circular arch above doorway 
Cast iron reached extreme use with ornamentation such as urns, shells and fruit

Age of  "iron lace"


Large single sheets of glass now available because of the use of mecharical cylinder blowing method.

Terraces inner city

Terraces inner city

Verandahs became cast iron arcades 
With the popularity of individual houses on their own block of land allowed side windows. 


1885: True cavity brick walls overcame dampness problems 
Horbury Hunt returns to brickwork instead of stucco 
Finally the Kitchen comes inside 
Fussy interiors lit by electric bulbs

Late 1880s: New range of colored bricks using steam bathing and heavy pressing. This overcame the long drying time which cause a crumbly centre 

1878: First steam process in Sydney 

Arts and crafts

Romanticism and craftmanship in Europe. 
Wunderlich imports terra cotta Marseilles tiles. Becomes the new roofing standard. 

1890s: Depression 

Arts and crafts


LATE VICTORIAN 1893-19OO 

After the 1890s depression houses become more modest and subdued. Exacerbated by lack of skilled tradesmen. 
1910: Locally producd Marseilles tiles are as good as the imports 

Queen Anne: 
Irregular and broken gable roofs. Exposed truses, latticed strutting, polygonal bay windows, turned timber verandah posts, cowled chimneys. 
Use of red bricks. Emphasis on the roof shape and the use of painted timber instead of cast iron. 

Queen anne

Tuck pointing: Hid inferior bricks. 

Tuck pointing

Meanwhile back in the country and moulded woodwork scarce materials and innovation such as the Queenslander .
Also in Queensland - Weatherboards on the inside of the frame. 
Verandahs became more and more a living area. 

EDWARDIAN 1901-1916 

Still Queen Anne and again cast iron in all forms

Queen Anne

1902: First brewery built hotel in Sydney but more common in Melbourne 
1905: Art Nouveau arrives and sponsored decoration of writhing sinuous tendrils, gracious curve and simplified limpid shapes abstracted from nature. No straight lines. 

Art nouveau

Arts and crafts

Edwardian - federation

Edwardian - federation

Edwardian - federation streetscape

Edwardian – inner city

1905: Corcrete used as a structural component eg  the floor of Central Railway in 1903. 

1906: Anselm built with green instead of red. Australiana with clusters of native flora and fauna. 
1910: Chicago style - semi circular arch - Romanesque. 

Edwardian rural

Edwardian rural grande

1910: Art Nouveau had died out exsepe for some veradanh decoration 
1910-ww1: Verandah posts became thicker and square. Balustrades solid fences 

l912: First steel framed building on corner of Castreragh and King streets 
l9l6: Large factory cast sheets of gypsum plaster reinforced with fibre. Thicker  sheets in 1930 used for walls. 

Growth of suburbs: Workers Gardens at Daceyville as oppposed to the terrace slums (as seen in those days) eg Balmain Glebe and the Loo. 

Daceyville 1

Daceyville 2

Daceyville 3


1910: First self supporting full steel framed building – Nelson Ho0use in Clarence St.

Federation

Haberfield








TRANSITION 1917 - 1929 

Suburbs expanded. 

Transition

Californian Bungalow

“Pasadema” Redwood 1916 imported by Richard Stanton. 
Large spanning,low pitched gable, wood shingles, lm projectinag eaves purlins, low spreading verandah with sturdy pylons and dark/oil stained weatherboards with white painted casement windows. 

Built across the block so a I5m block required but better with an l8m frontage. 


Transition – first californian bungalow


Californian bungalows featured a Wide open fireplace in native stone with chimney.

Californian bungalow
 
Small windows to keep out heat- an introverted house. 

Square entrance hall (instead of hallways) with double panelled glass doors to living areas. Inside lined with timber panelling for about 2m then white. 

The original was weatherboard but in Sydney dark brick became the norm 



Garages become common but still at the rear where the stables used to be. 

l920s: Californian bungalows became less introverted and the heavy pylons were replaced by slender timber posts ie Federation features were incorporated.

1930s: The Californian bungalow had square verandah stumps only 

Spanish Mission

Spanish mission

The influence of Hollywood. 

1920: panish mission built by architect Wilinson at Vaucluse 

1920s: Three popular styles; Californian Bungalow, Picturesque and Spanish Mission.

First open plan: Pioneered Fuctionalist Annear. Simple houses with bookcases defining living areas. 

1924: Burley Griffin at Castlecrag built small houses with natural materials and with a small kitchen. 

1915: BHP opened steelworks at Newcastle. Stamped Lysaght steel. Can be used to ate buildings.



Transition – quality bungalow style    







Light colored bricks. Bauhaus emphasizing horizontal lines and glazing. 
Problems with flat roofs and the popularity of terra cotta tiles. 
With the advent of multi coloured cement tiles: Hipped roofed houses with boxed eaves and mottled coloured roofs. 

“L” shaped houses become popular with steel windows pastel colours but the kitchen was always cream and green.


Modern Jazz style: Inspired by Hollywood - art deco interiors 
Use of balconies, terraces and pergolas 
Attempt to bring the outside to the inside - Reaction to the Bungalow but not the best in a hot climate. 

Decoration was sunlight and shadow.


Modern houses

Modern design industrial – airport

Modern style 

Modern cape cod

Modern exampl – butterfly roof

Modern example - retail






AUSTERITY 1945-54 

Workers gradually became wealthier. 48 hour work week. 
Effect of migration and a more American influence. 
Shortage of framing timber, weatherboards, bricks, tiles, glass, fibrous plaster, piping, roof guttering and fittings. All that was available was poor quality. 

Green timber was used more and the cost of housing increased. This encouraged a boom in DIY.

Austerity


Austerity - examples   

Austerity – fibro house with portholes    

Austerity – fibro

Half houses and garage accommodation 

Austerity – half house


Composite building boards already painted became available. These were cheap and easy to install. 

Paint and putty was in great demand 

Austerity - laminex


Cement tiles: 

1940-1960s: By the 50s the colouring became fadeproof. 
Popular because of constant size (a benefit of a cold process), cheapness and being more weatherproof they could be used on a low pitched roof. 

Silicon cement bricks: 

Accurate dimensions and low cost. Not liked by bricklayers. 

DIY glazing

Louvred windows were cheap and readily available. Allowed the handyman to fully enclose a verandah with a screwdriver. 

Rise of coop building societies. Councils were against innovation with negatiuve controls such as Ord71. The minimum size for a kitchen was 3mx2.4m.

Regulations were bypassed by stealth. For example the approved bedroom would meet the required size and built in cupboards were added later.

Austerity encouraged good and efficient designs. For tbe first time houses were planned taking ergonomics into account particularly the kitchen. 

Building fashion promoted by magazines.


Kitchen now central to the house with benchtops of lino or the new trendy laminex. 

Lamlnex ad

Plumbing costs were minimized by clustering the kitchen bathroom and laundry. Colour of the kitchen was now daffodil and and pale grey. A servery was added serving the dining room. 

The kitchen was still a separate room from the rest of the house.

Allowable ceiling height was reduced from 2.7m to 2.4m and has stayed at that height since.

Roofs became hipped with coloured cement tile often with spotted or diagonal patterns.

Dining room combined with the living room

1951: Harry Seidler built the first cubic house at Turramurra for his mother. 
It was the new international style with a flat roof concrete slab floor walls of vertical timber and painted in primary colours with black highlights. Open plan.


Cubic house

Austerity – waterfall house











CONTEMPORARY 1970+

Australians architects ransacked foreign houses for inspiration. Gardens were simplified flower beds and lawns.

At last the garage was attached to the house with internal access eg Ranch style.

1966-71: Ranch style. Featured long rectangular building across the block. Red bricks and full length “picture” aluminium framed windows.

Ranch style


Open concrete patio at the front with a simple steel balustrade.

The main disadvantage is they required a 20m+ wide block

1980s: Carports tended to replace garages and an emphasis on outdoor living with BBQ areas and pergolas.

Textured red brick were replaced by light coloured bricks sometimes with “clinker” bricks as a feature.

Neo colonial and homestead styles popular in the rural areas.

Colonial revival

1970-1980s: Japanese or lowline houses pioneered by Petit and Sevitt. 

Most innovative residential architecture of modern times. 

Contemporary – solar passive

Featured long narrow stained wood framed windows to ground level. Decor was generally white inside and outside but highlighted by very attractive tile work in the kitchen and bathroom and exposed stained wood members. 

Doors were full length to the ceiling

Outside there is a carport with a raked roof complementing the rake of the main roof.

Need to adapt to marginal sloping blocks around Sydney – some very steep.

Starting with the “green bans” preservation movement in Hunters Hill there is now statutory recognition and protection of heritage houses. For example the heritage listed Federation area of Haberfield.

Pettit and sevitt

Pettit and sevitt example

Pettit and sevitt – sloping block



Contemporary Murcott

Kingslangley 1

Kingslangley 2

Kingalangley 3

Kingslangley 4