INTERNATIONAL
VALUATION STANDARD 2 - VALUATION BASES OTHER THAN MARKET VALUE
This
Standard should be read in the context of the background material and
implementation guidance contained in General Valuation Concepts and
Principles.
1.0
Introduction
1.1The objectives of International Valuation Standard 2 (IVS 2) are
twofold: first, to identify and explain bases of value other than
Market Value and to establish standards for their application; and
second, to distinguish them from Market Value.
1.2
Although the majority of professional valuations, particularly asset
valuations referred to in International Valuation Application 1 (IVA
1),Valuation for Financial Reporting, involve Market Value, there
are circumstances that call for bases other than Market Value. It
is essential that both the Valuer and users of valuations clearly
understand the
distinction
between Market Value and Non-Market Value based
valuations and the effects (if any) that differences between these
concepts may have on the applicability of the valuation.
1.3
The International Valuation Standards Committee (IVSC) seeks to avoid
incidences of international misunderstanding and/or misconceptions
within States concerning the use and application of nonmarket bases
of valuation. Valuers responsible for applying these Standards must
assure that proper bases are selected, using all reasonable means to
enhance the understanding of valuation users,
avoiding
circumstances that might mislead the public, and reporting
objectively supported estimates.
2.0
Scope
2.1
This Standard presents and explains bases of valuation other than
Market Value.
3.0
Definitions
3.1
Value in Use. The value a specific property has for a specific
use to a specific user and therefore non-market related. This value
type focuses on the value that specific property contributes to the
entity of which it is a part, without regard to the property’s
highest and best use or the monetary amount that might be
realised upon its sale. The accounting definition of Value in Use
is the present value of estimated future cash flows expected
to arise from the continuing use of an asset and from its
disposal
at the end of its useful life (see International Financial
Reporting Standard 5, Appendix A [IFRS 5, Appendix A]).
3.2 Investment Value, or Worth. The value of property
to a particular investor, or a class of investors, for identified
investment objectives. This subjective concept relates specific
property to a specific investor, group of investors, or entity with
identifiable investment objectives and/or criteria. The investment
value, or worth, of a property asset may be higher or
lower than the Market Value of the property asset. The term investment
value, or worth, should not be confused with the Market
Value of an investment property. However, Market Value may
reflect a number of individual assessments of the investment value,
or worth, of the particular property asset. Investment
value, or worth is associated with Special Value (see
para. 3.8 below).
3.3
Going Concern Value. The value of a business as a whole. The
concept involves valuation of a continuing entity from which
allocations, or apportionments, of overall going concern value may
be made to constituent parts as they contribute to the whole, but
none
of
the components in themselves constitutes a basis for Market Value.
Therefore, the concept of Going Concern Value can apply
only to a property that is a constituent part of a business or
entity.
3.4
Insurable Value. The value of property provided by definitions
contained in an insurance contract or policy.
3.5
Assessed, Rateable, or Taxable Value is a value that
is
based on definitions contained within applicable laws relating to the
assessment, rating, and/or taxation of property. Although some
jurisdictions may cite Market Value as the assessment basis,
methods used to estimate the value may produce results that differ
from Market Value as defined in
IVS
1.Therefore, assessed, rateable, or taxable value cannot
be considered to comply with Market Value as defined in IVS 1
unless explicitly indicated to the contrary.
3.6
Salvage Value. The value of a property, excluding land, as if
disposed of for the materials it contains, rather than for continued
use without special repairs or adaptation. It may be given as gross
or net of
disposal
costs and, in the latter case, may equate to net realisable value.
In any event, components included or excluded should be identified.
3.7 Liquidation or Forced Sale Value. The amount that
may reasonably be received from the sale of a property within a time
frame too short to meet the marketing time frame required by the Market
Value definition. In some States, forced sale value in
particular may also involve an unwilling seller and a buyer or buyers
who buy with knowledge of the disadvantage of the seller.
3.8
Special Value. A term relating to an extraordinary element of
value over and above Market Value.
Special
value could arise, for example, by the physical, functional, or
economic association of a property with some other property such as
the adjoining property. It is an increment of value that could be
applicable to a particular owner or user or prospective owner or
user, of the property rather than to the market at large; that is,
special value is applicable only to a purchaser with a special
interest. Marriage value, the value increment resulting from
the merger of two or more interests
in
a property, represents a specific example of special value.
Special value could be associated with elements of going
concern value and with investment value, or worth.
The
Valuer must ensure that the criteria used to value such properties
are distinguished from those used to estimate Market Value, making
clear any special assumptions made.
3.9
Mortgage Lending Value. The value of the property as
determined by the Valuer making a prudent assessment of the future
marketability of the property by taking into account long-term
sustainable aspects of the property, the normal and local market
conditions, and the current use
and
alternative appropriate uses of the property.
Speculative
elements may not be taken into account in the assessment of mortgage
lending value. The mortgage lending value shall be
documented
in a transparent and clear manner.
Mortgage
Lending Value is defined in European Union Directive 89/647/ECC
as amended by Directive 98/32/EC. These directives are concerned with
banking regulation and establish minimum solvency ratios for lenders
involved in lending backed by property security.
Mortgage
lending value is one of a number of risk analysis techniques,
which may be used to calculate the risk weighting that may be
attached to mortgaged security held by a bank in accordance with the
directives. This is a long-term risk assessment technique and is not
a suitable basis for establishing value at a given point in time. In
this way, it differs
fundamentally
from other bases in these Standards.
3.10 Other expressions of value more specific to plant and equipment,
and/or special situations, are defined in Guidance Note 3 (GN 3)
,Valuation of Plant and Equipment.
4.0
Relationship to Accounting Standards
4.1 International Valuation Application 1,Valuation for Financial
Reporting, should be read in conjunction with this Standard.
4.2 For most purposes, valuations under IFRSs require the reporting of
Fair Value. IVA 1 provides that this requirement is usually met by the
Valuer reporting the Market Value of the asset.
4.3 There are some instances, however, where nonmarket bases are
required by IFRSs. These include establishing the Value in Use of an
asset under IAS 36, or in some cases assessment of the Residual Value
for depreciation purposes under IAS 16, both of which values are
specific to the entity. IVA 1 discusses these in greater detail.
5.0
Statement of Standard
To
perform valuations that comply with these Standards and Generally
Accepted Valuation Principles (GAVP), it is mandatory that Valuers
adhere to all sections of the IVS Code of Conduct pertaining to
Ethics, Competence, Disclosure, and Reporting (sections 4, 5, 6, and
7).
5.1
In performing and reporting a Non-Market Value estimate,
the Valuer shall:
5.1.1
completely and understandably set forth the valuation in a manner
that will not be misleading;
5.1.2
ensure that the estimate of value is based on data and
circumstances appropriate to the assignment;
5.1.3
ensure that the estimate of value is undertaken using appropriate
methods and techniques;
5.1.4
provide sufficient information to permit those who read and rely
on the report to fully understand its data, reasoning, analyses, and
conclusions; and
5.1.5 comply with the requirements of International Valuation Standard
3 in reporting the valuation.
Accordingly,
the Valuer shall:
5.1.5.1
define the value being estimated and state the purpose and
intended use of the valuation, the effective date of valuation, and
the date of the report;
5.1.5.1.1
distinguish that the valuation reported is not a Market;Value
estimate if the estimate is made on a basis other than Market
Value;
5.1.5.2
clearly identify and describe the property and property rights or
interests
being valued;
5.1.5.3
describe the scope/extent of the work undertaken and the extent
to which the property was inspected;
5.1.5.4
state any assumptions and limiting conditions upon which the
valuation is based;
5.1.5.5
fully and completely explain the valuation bases/approaches
applied and the reasons for their applications and conclusions; and
5.1.5.6
include a signed Compliance Statement (Certification of Value)
attesting to the Valuer’s objectivity, professional contributions,
non-bias, non-contingency of professional fees or other compensation,
as
well as Standards’ applicability, and other disclosures.
5.2
Although the concept, use, and application of non-market bases of
value may be appropriate under certain circumstances, the Valuer
shall
ensure
that if such value is to be found and reported, it will not
reasonably be construed as a representation of Market Value.
6.0
Discussion
6.1
Value in use (see para. 3.1) is a Non-Market Value
measured from the perspective of a particular user. Value in
use is sometimes referred to as ‘value to a particular user or
owner.’ Value in exchange (see IVS 1, para. 1.2 et seq) is
the value recognised by a market in which exchange of asset ownership
hypothetically, or notionally, takes place. The IVSC
definition
of Market Value appropriate for financial reporting is based
on the principle of value in exchange, not value in use.
6.2
The expressions value in use and value in exchange can
lead to misunderstanding without explanation.
They
should be avoided when confusion might result.
6.3
Properties may be valued on bases other than Market Value or
may exchange hands at prices that do not reflect Market Value as
defined. Such alternative bases may either be reflections of the
economic utility or functions of a property other than its
marketability, or of unusual and non-market conditions. Examples
include value in use; investment
value,
or worth; going concern value; insurable value; assessed, or
rateable, value; special value; liquidation, or forced sale,
value; and salvage value (see 3.0 et seq, above).
6.4
Going concern value expresses the value ascribed to an
established business, not to any of its constituent parts. The value
allocated, or apportioned, to individual assets making up a part of
the going concern is based on their contribution to the whole,
commonly referred to as their value in use when related to a
specific business and its owner.
It
is not market related (see para. 3.3, above).
6.5
It would only be coincidental if a property’s value in use were
equal to its Market Value. A property’s value in use
would tend to be higher than Market Value if the operating
entity were capable of employing it in a more useful and profitable
manner than a typical producer of the same
product
or service. On the other hand, value in use could be lower
than Market Value under conditions where the entity was not
employing an asset to its maximum capacity and efficiency.
Value
in Use could also be higher than Market Value if the
entity possessed special production rights, extraordinary contracts,
unique patents and licenses, certain expertise, special goodwill, and
other intangible assets, which would not be transferable to another
owner.
6.6
Special value may accrue to a property by reason of a unique
location, a temporary situation under exceptional market conditions,
or a premium payable by a purchaser having a special interest. (see
para. 3.8, above). Marriage value, the value increment
resulting from the merger of two or more interests in a property,
represents a specific
example
of special value. Such elements of special value may
be
reported separately from Market Value as defined in these
Standards. Special value should not be incorporated into a
statement of Market Value because such a procedure would be
misleading and, by default, would signify that such incremental
element of value is not special.
6.7
A forced sale involves a price which arises from disposition under
extraordinary or atypical circumstances, usually reflecting an
inadequate marketing period without reasonable exposure, and
sometimes reflecting the condition of an unwilling seller and/or
disposal under compulsion or duress. For these reasons, the price
associated
with
a forced, or distress(ed), sale, called forced sale value (see
para. 3.7, above), is not Market Value.
The
price paid in a forced, or distress(ed), sale is a matter of fact. It
is generally not easy for a Valuer to predict because of the nature
and extent of subjective and conjectural assumptions that must be
made in formulating such an opinion. A forced sale value or
price may also be known as a liquidation price.
6.8
Salvage value (see para. 3.6) is ordinarily used to express
the current price expected for property, other than land, that has
reached the end of its useful life expectancy in terms of its
original purpose and function. At that point the asset is valued for
disposal as salvage rather than for its originally intended purpose.
In this context, salvage
value
is also known in accountancy terminology as the net realisable
amount for an asset with no further use to an entity (see para. 3.6,
above).
6.8.1
Salvage value does not imply that a property has no further
useful life or utility. Property sold for salvage could be rebuilt,
converted to a similar or different use, or may provide spare parts
for other properties that are still serviceable. At the other
extreme, salvage value may represent scrap value, or
the value for recycling.
7.0
Disclosure Requirements
7.1
Valuation Reports must not be misleading.
Valuations
conducted for the purpose of estimating and reporting a Non-Market
Value shall meet the requirements of section 5 above. For
Non-Market Value based valuations, it is required in
accordance with the Code of Conduct that the purpose and intended use
of the valuations be clearly reported, and that full disclosure be
made of the basis for the
valuation
estimate, its applicability, and its limitations.
7.2 Each Valuation Report prepared on a basis other than Market
Value shall contain a Statement of Contingent and Limiting
Conditions or similar disclosure. Notwithstanding this provision, the
Valuer shall not use the Statement of Contingent and Limiting
Conditions to justify unreasonable departure from these Standards.
7.3
In performing a valuation on a basis other than Market Value, the
Valuer shall not make assumptions that are unreasonable in the light
of facts ascertainable at the effective date of valuation. All
assumptions
shall
be disclosed in all reports.
7.4
Each Valuation Report prepared on a basis other than Market Value
shall contain a signed Valuer’s Certification of
Value/Compliance Statement, or a certificate attesting to the
Valuer’s compliance with
the
guidelines outlined in the IVSC Code of Conduct, section 7.1, and IVS
1, para. 5.1.5.6. In particular, distinction should be drawn between
Market Value and any other defined value that is analysed.
7.5 If a valuation by an Internal Valuer is made, i.e. one who is in
the employ of either the entity that owns the assets or the accounting
firm responsible for preparing the entity’s financial records and/or
reports, there shall be a specific disclosure in the Valuation Report
or Valuation Certificate of the existence and nature of any such
relationships.
7.6 Other reporting shall be consistent with these Standards.
8.0
Departure Provisions
8.1 In following this Standard any departures must be in accordance
with directions provided in IVS 3, Valuation Reporting.
9.0
Effective Date
9.1
This International Valuation Standard became effective 31 January
2005.
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